Blog Post

Water Pollution v. Water Shortage

In my opinion water shortage is worse than water pollution. In todays society we have the technology to filter the polluted water on our planet. However; if there is no water to filter, and the water was clean but running out , the world would reach an end.

Homework #12

1SDS # 1 - 9 # 18 - 22

1. (Drawing)

2. Evaporation, followed by condensation, removes nearly all dissolved substances. Then bacterial action converts dissolved organic contaminants into a few simple compounds. Lastly, filtration through sand and gravel removes nearly all suspended matter.

3. The stickiness of the substance relates to floculation because just like in floculation, it sticks together with the particles so they are easily removed.

4. It brings the pH to a good level, neutralizing the acid in water.

5. 1ppm fluoride is added to stop tooth decay.

6. The advantages are that chlorinated water is clean and the chlorine is put in to kill any bacteria or impurities.

7. Yes, it can be harmful to human health because of the high concentrations in creates.

8. The chlorine kills anything harmful like bacteria which are bad for human health.

9. Filter through UV lighting and charcoal filtration.

#18 - 22

18. The process would stop everything, causing us to have a drop in our water supply.

19. There would be no gaseous water because the evaporation wouldnt occur.

20. The chlorine would be useful because it is harder to test for smaller amounts.

21. Sand filtration, screening step.

22.
      a. 2 ppm
      b. 14 ppm
      c. 730 ppm

Polar Molecules

Blog Post (Polar Molecules)

Polar Molecules: a polar molecule is a molecule with regions of partial positive and negative charges, resulting in the uneven distribution of electrical charge.
      An example is in water molecules. The electronegativity of oxygen is opposite of hydrogen (which is positive). This causes the molecule of water itself to be a " polar molecule " .

Homework #11

#20 - 27 33, 35

20.
      a. soft drink
      b. black coffee
      c. milk of magnesia

21. Two times more acidic.

22. When the pH is too low the fish egg's development is impaired, causing the ability to reproduce to go down. High pH levels are bad for living organisms because alkaline solutions are able to dissolve organic material, like skin and scales. Bodies of water with low pH levels tend to have an affect on the ions in fish, ultimately affecting us.

23. Polar molecules have opposite charges, an example is in water molecules. Oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, the electrons are pulled towards the oxygen atom. Nonpolar do not dissolve in polar solvents.

24. Lampoil because it is a nonpolar molecule. This means that the nonpolar lampoil would dissolve in the nonpolar substance.

25. Because table salt ( NaCl ) is a polar molecule.

26. " Like dissolves like " is talking about how polar molecules dissolve in polar substances and how nonpolar molecules dissolve in nonpolar substances.

27. Because the molecules are not the same. " like dissolves like "

33.
      a. Nonpolar molecules
      b. It is more effective because more of a variety of substances dissolve in nonpolar solvents.

35. Hydrogen because its has an already present +1 charge.

Homework #10

9. 44g of water

10. 0.015 ppm

11. A water molecule is polar because it has a negative charge at the oxygen end and a positive charge at the hydrogen end. Having opposite charges cause them to attract, causing them to be titled polar molecules.

12. Molecules in water sometimes attract or repel based on which side meets up. If two of the same ends meet up with would repel, if two opposite ends met up they would attract. ( Opposites attract )

13.
      a. Oxygen would attach with pottasium
      b. Hydrogen would attach with bromine

14. Heavy metals have their name because the atomic mass is heavier than the regular metal elements.

15. It would damage your liver, nervous system, and the brain

16.
      a. Lead can be in water pipes and paint
      b. Mercury can be found in flourescent lights and thermometers
17. Bases have +1 ions because every solution starts with a hydrogen

18. Hydrogen

19.
      a. Basic
      b. Basic
      c. Acid
      d. Neutral

Homework #9

p62 1 - 3

1.
    a. The solution at the higher temperature (50°C) would be more clear than the solution at a lower temperature, as the temperature drops its stops dissolving because as it gets cooler and cooler it loses solubility.
    b. Dawring
2.
    a. Drawing
    b. 80g water
       i. Drawing
       ii. 35g water

3.
    a. Drawing
    b. Drawing
    c. Key features that are different are the amount of water in the second drawing. Making there much more solvent then solute.

Extra Credit

In Middlesbrough, UK scientist are going through an epidemic on the edge of their industrial shores. In an attempt to clean up the water which has been polluted with sewage, the scientists have noticed a visible drop in the number of birds these shores are most known for. In fact, the variety of birds had been living off the sewage its self. However, in the European unions Waste Water Treatment Directive, the birds were not a matter of concern. " Birds that live off turds are evidently not a matter of great concern. " Such a statement made by the European Commission is an aid to drop in birds in this area. Scientist believe many of the birds have migrated to an island just off the shore, if you go to visit the shore today you will not see the vast number of birds present in the past.

http://www.economist.com/node/748824

Blog Question

I think we should review alot of the unit conversions, that is where most of us are in trouble.
And also review ALL vocabulary

Homework #8

p.56 1 -3

1.
    a. 95g 3KNO
    b. 45g KCl

2.
    a. 20 grams of pottasium nitrate
    b. 45g 3KNO

3.
    a. 565g pottasium nitrate
    b. 110℃ is needed

p.82 1 - 8

1. The sugar would dissolve better in hot tea because of the high dissolving point. The cold water would not full be able to dissolve the sugar.

2. 49g of pottasium chloride

3.
    a. 80g sugar
    b. 177.5g sugar
    c. 473g sugar

4. Sodium chloride, Pottasium chloride, and Pottassium chloride
pottasium nitrate, pottasium chloride, sodium chloride

5. A saturated solution is an uneven amount of solute put into a solution causing a solid to appear. Unsaturated solution is a even amount put into solution, causing no change.


6. 
    a. 30g
    b.  Unsaturated, the grams are being dissolved in a even amount
    c. 60g 3KNO


7. 
    a. nothing should happen if it is unsaturated because one small amount cannot saturate a solution.
    b. if it is saturated then it will remain saturated
    c. if it is supersaturated then a small amount would not be absorbed into the solvent


8. 55g is the percent concentration of Ethanol

Homework #7

25. Qualitative tests are tests used to see what is in the sample, quantitative tests are used to see how much sample there is.

26. Confirming tests prove that there are ions in the sample.

Blog Question

From the water testing lab I learned that the water process is one that is long a percise. Ultimately showing the true value of water itself.

Blog Question

Water testing helps us because it allows our community to understand the value of water. Showing that all water, in fact, is not drinkable; therefore showing us waters true value.

Homework #6

p.51 #19 - 24

19.
      a. carbon: 6 protons 6 electrons
      b. aluminum: 13 protons 13 electrons
      c. lead: 82 protons 82 electrons
      d. chlorine: 17 protons 17 electrons

20.
      a. not neutral
      b. not neutral
      c. electrically neutral
      d. not neutral

21.
      a. anion
      b. neutral
      c. neutral
      d. cation
      e. cation

22.
      a. gaining
      b. neither
      c. neither
      d. losing
      e. losing

23.
      a. H
      b. Na+
      c. Cl−
      d. Al+3

24.
      a. KI
      b. CaS
      c. FeBr3
      d. Ba(OH)2
      e. NH(3)PO
      f. Al2O3

Water Diary Based Questioned p.20 #1- 7

1. Total water used in three day was 5448L.

2. On average, one person used 363L a day.

3. ( Classroom histogram )

4. The range of the daily persons water use is 634

5. Mean: 446, Median: 490

6. The members of my households daily use was 363, this is closest to he national average because the nations average is 370L. This is only 7 liters less than the average.

7. Question 2 because this answer was closer to the national answer, rather than the answer in question 5

Homework #5

13. ( Drawing )

14.
      a. Models: i, ii, iv, vi
      b. Models: iii, v

15. The chemical formula best represents a different chemical substance.

16.
      a. 3 Hydrogen, 1 Phosphorus, 4 Oxygen
      b. 1 Sodium, 1 Oxygen, 1 Hydrogen
      c. 1 Sulfur, 2 Oxygen

17. ( Drawing )

18.  On paper

Homework #4

1. ( Drawing )

2. The model shows a heterogeneous mixture made up of two different compounds.

3. ( Drawing )

Unit 1B Vocab List ( B.1 - B.4 )

1. matter - anything that occupies space and has mass.
2. physical properties - properties that can be observed and measured without changing the chemical makeup of the substance.
3. density - mass of material within a given volume
4. freezing point of water - a physical property
5. aqueous solution - a substance that dissolves readily in water
6. mixture - when two or more substances combine and yet the substances retain their individual properties the result is a mixture
7. heterogeneous mixture - a composition that is not the same, or uniform, throughout.
8. suspension - solid particles that are large enough to settle out or can be separated by filtration
9. Tyndall effect- a scattering of light as if bounces/reflects off of small particles
10. colloid - cloudy particles; small solid particles
11. homogeneous mixture - a mixture that is uniform throughout
12. solution - homogeneous mixtures
13. solute - the dissolved substance
14. solvent - the dissolving agent
15. particulate level - the level of its ( the substance's ) atoms and molecules
16. atoms - the building blocks of matter
17. element - one kind of atom that makes up matter
18. compound - a substance that is composed of the atoms of two or more elements linked together chemically in fixed proportions
19. chemical formulas - represents compounds and elements
20. substance - a uniform and definite composition that has distinct properties
21. molecule - the smallest unit of a molecular compound that retains the properties of that substance

Homework #3

1. Physical property - properties that can be observed and measured without changing the chemical make up of the substance.

2. Three physical properties of water are water the liquid state, ice the solid state, and water vapor the gaseous state.

3. The density of liquid water compared to solid water ( ice ) would be more because the liquid water takes up more volume in its given area. In ice, the waters molecules are so slow and so close together, the ice takes up less of a volume then liquid water.

4. In a kitchen you could observe water in all three states at the same time. Ice ( solid state ) in the freezer, water ( liquid state ) boiling in a pot or coming out the faucet, and water vapor ( gaseous state ) coming out of a pot as the water boils on the stove.

5. A heterogeneous mixture has a composition that is not the same throughout the whole mixture. A homogeneous mixture is uniform ( or the same ) throughout.

6. To understand the relationship between oil and water, and be able to make a reasonable prediction of which will stay on top, you need to understand the concept of density. This is because the substance that is more dense will tend to sit on the bottom. Therefore, if a person saw a mixture of oil and water, and new that water was more dense than oil, they could predict that the water would sit on the bottom and the oil would rest on top.

7. a. colloid
    b.  colloid
    c. suspension
    d. solution
    e. colloid
    f. colloid
8. The air in the room would be a suspension, because the air particles are big enough to where the light can bounce and reflect off the particles. Making the stream of light visible to our human eye.

9. ( Sketch on paper )

10. Colloid, because some particles in the mixture are larger than others. This is what causes them to settle at the bottom over time.

11. Substance - A uniform and definite composition that has distinct properties.

12. a. element
      b. element
      c. element
      d. element
      e. compound
      f. element
      g. compound

Short Response #2

I decided to give my opinion on which is worse, water shortage v. water pollution. I personally think that water shortage is worse because with technology today we have learned how to purify polluted water. If there was no water to even attempt to distill, then the price of water would go up, the world would panic, then ultimately no life would be possible. This is why I think polluted water would be better, at least we have water that we would be able to fix.

Unit 1A Vocab List

1. Purity - Freedom from adulteration and contamination
2. Clean water - water that is suitable for hand washing
3. Filtrate - Liquid collected after it has been filtered
4. Adsorbs - attracts and holds on its surface
5. Percent recovery - percent of your original substance found in your sample
6. Histogram - a graph obtained by graphing the range and data set into equal intervals and plotting the number of data points in each interval.
7.Average - adding all values together and dividing the sum by total number of values
8. Mean value - average
9. Median - middle value
10. Electrical conductivity - electrically charged particles in water
11. Tyndall effect - shows that there are particles in water which allows you to see the light beam going through water ( which is the light bouncing off the particles in the water )
12. Hydrologic cycle - rain or snow falls in the U.S, only 10% is used by humans. The rest flows back into bodies of water, evaporates into the air, and falls again.
13. direct water use - can be directly measured
14. indirect water use - hidden uses of water you may have never considered
15. water's gaseous state - water vapor in the air
16. water's liquid state - liquid water ( oceans, rivers, etc )
17. water's solid state - ice
18. surface water - a home's water supply that came from river or another body of water
19. ground water - home's water supply that came from a well or was pumped to the surface
20. aquifer - a water - bearing layer of rock, sand, or gravel

Homework #2

A.8 # 1 - 4

1. Three water uses I could live without are washing cars, floors, windows, and pets.

2. One task I could not live without is wash clothes and dishes.

3. You could reduce water use on bathing, showering, washing hair, and washing hands simply by reducing the amount of time you do each one.

4.
  a. Flushing toilets
 
  b. It can be taken from bathing, showering, washing hair and hands


p. 23 # 3 - 7

3.
      a. Indirect use
      b. Direct use
      c. Indirect use

4. To " purify " is to clean and filter water to the best of your ability before distillation.

5. Three techniques to purify water are oil - water separation, sand filtration, and charcoal adsorption and filtration.

6. The visible pollutants were removed in every step of the investigation.

7.
  a. The foul water lab could not produce suitable drinking water because there are harmful particles unseen to the human eye.
  b. The water would need to be distilled for it to be suitable for drinking.

Foul Water Lab

Chase & Oliver

The Electrons Lab Report

6/14/11

Foul Water Lab

In our lab, the goal was to filter extremely foul water enough to be able to wash your hands with that same water. At the beginning of our lab we received 100 mL of extremely foul water in a glass beaker. With this water we first put it through the process of oil - water separation. This was a process where we removed the visible layer of oil with a barrel pipette. We went through this step three complete times. At first, we barely removed any oil. The second try we received more oil then the first attempt, but after this second try we realized that the mouth of the pipette was too thin to extract the thick oil from the water. In this case, we took scissors and cut the tip of the pipette so that the mouth was wide enough to get the oil out. This simple change allowed us to completely remove all visible oil from the water. Now left with 86 mL of foul water, we moved on to sand filtration. In this step, we place a damp 2 cm layer of sand in the middle of two 1 cm layers of gravel. This sand and gravel was held in a small cup with holes poked into the bottom. The goal was to have the water seep through the gravel, be naturally filtered by the sand and out the holes on the bottom of the cup. This is not what happened. In fact, the sand was so fine that it came out the holes with the water. Faced with a conflict, we decided it was best to add another step. In this step we carefully poured the water into a filter papered funnel. This method was ultimately proven too slow, so we moved on to the final step, Charcoal adsorption and filtration. We took a tea spoon of charcoal and poured it into a flask. Then we also poured the foul water into the same flask and vigorously mixed for a few seconds. While I ( Chase ) mixed the water with the charcoal, Oliver set up the funnel filter. In this, he folded filter paper and placed it in a funnel which was elevated on a ring stand. We then placed a new beaker under the funnel, the water would slowly drop into the beaker as it made its way through the filter paper. This was the longest process of all. During this step we had learned that the charcoal we had been given was of a lower quality, and because we were so far into our lab, it was too late to make any change. This played a major role on our end result, while also prolonging the step. We used glass stirring sticks to help the water through the paper. Half way into the charcoal adsorption, Dr. Forman kindly switched our filter paper with new paper. This sped up and finished our lab. At the end, we had 65 mL of yellow colored water. This water had a rubber like odor and had no oil or no solids. 

Procedure:

• First we received 100 mL of foul water
• Then we used the barrel pipette to remove the oil from the top layer of water
• First try with the pipette we barely removed any oil
• second try we received more oil than the first try
• After the second attempt we realized that the mouth of the pipette was too small
• We used scissors to cut a bigger mouth on the pipette
• On the third try we removed all visible oil from the foul water
• Then we re-measured our water in a graduated cylinder
• After the oil separation we went to sand filtration
• We received a small styrofoam cup and poked holes in the bottom using a paper clip
• In the cup we added: 1 cm of gravel on the bottom, then 2 cm of sand, and topped it with another 1 cm layer of gravel
• We then made the gravel and sand damp so that all the water was not absorbed into the sand
• The sand was so fine that it seeped through the bottom with the water
• We then added another step
• We added filter paper to a funnel and placed a clean beaker underneath 
• This stepped was proven to slow
• We then went straight to charcoal adsorption and filtration
• We received a tea spoon of charcoal and one flask
• We put the water and charcoal in the flask and mixed the two 
• While I ( Chase ) spun the flask Oliver set up the filter papered funnel in the ring stand and placed a clean beaker under to catch the water
• At this point we learned that the charcoal given to our group was a lower quality 
• But it was too late for our group to switch charcoals
• Because our lab was taking so long we used glass stirring sticks to help aid the water through the filter paper
• Towards the end of our lab Dr. Forman replaced our old filter paper with new paper
• This sped up and finished our Foul Water Lab
• We ended with 65 mL of a yellow, rubber odored, water
• 
  
• 
  
• 
  
• In our end results we were left with 65 mL of yellow water. This water was yellow because the charcoal we received was at a lower quality then other charcoal given out. However, the water was some what clear and had a rubber like odor. all visible signs of oil and any solids were removed. 
• 
  
• Data Analysis:

1. Our percent recovery of water was 65%. 

2. We lost 35 mL of foul water in our purification process.

3. 35% of the original foul water was lost during this process of purification.

4. ( Chart )

5. The largest percent recovery was 70%, and the lowest was 54%. Our classes range of percent recovery was 16.

6. The average percent recovery for our class was 64.3%

Post Lab Activities:

1. 

a. In the process of distillation, you use a distillation apparatus. This apparatus has three main sections, one round flask which holds the non pure fluid, a tube containing cool water, and another empty round flask on the other side of the tube. Under the non pure liquid is a heating plate which ( in the case of salt water ) boils the water. The water begins boiling and evaporating around 100 degrees. Sense the salt has a much higher boiling point it stays at the bottom of that flask. The vapor from the liquid then flows upward and condenses because of coming in contact with the cool water in the tube. The liquid then travels through this tube, and drops into the empty flask on the other side. Containing the pure liquid.

b. Unsure ( did not learn )

c. The liquid was left to demonstrate the difference between distilled water and un pure water.

2. The salt in salt water is able to conduct electricity. Distilled water is not a conductor, due the fact it does not contain the salt particles. This teaches us that the water samples we produced are pure if they have no electricity and not pure if the light bulb shines. Every sample in class conducted electricity, even the ones that seemed to be perfectly clear. Teaching us that even when water seems pure, there may be particles unseen to the human eye.

Questions:

1. My purified water sample was not pure because my water conducted electricity when tested.

2. Someone should judge the success of a groups purification through the amount of electricity conducted when tested by the teacher. Once you get past that pivotal step, the next place to judge would be color, odor, etc.

3. You could improve the purification procedure by making a longer time frame. Allowing more time for purification would lead to a better result.

Homework #1

For each region in the U.S. name the greatest single use for water.
a. the East - Steam / Electric b. the South - Steam / Electric

c. the Midwest - Steam / Electric d. the West - Irrigation / agricultural

e. Alaska - Mining f. Hawaii - Irrigation / agricultural

In the East, the main water supply is for Steam / Electric use. This relates to the amount of cities and electrical buildings on this coast. On the West coast the main Irrigation / agricultural use for water relates to the weather and great farming areas. The climate, population, economy etc. play a major  role in the patterns of water use through out the United States.

In each region the weather, economy, and culture play a different role in their region. The weather can tell how much water the region gets, the economy can dictate the amount of pure water received, and the culture can regulate how much water is used.

Section A Summary:


1. Yes, Jimmy used water because water is used in the making of juice. Also, the water is in the juice, therefore, Jimmy did use water.

2. Three indirect uses of water associated with producing a loaf of bread are washing your hands, washing the cooking supplies, and growing the flour and eggs.

8. The worlds water over the past 1 million years has changed however, nature is constantly adding on to the worlds water supply. Even when the water is used , nature is constantly refilling our worlds supply. However, as societies technology advances, the world may be moving too fast for nature.

9. 1- Oceans 2- Glaciers 3- Rivers 4- Water vapor

10. Water is around, however the water is polluted so you cant drink it.

11. 77 % of water is used in irrigation and agriculture in my U.S. region.

12.

a. Glaciers and ice caps - 2.11
b. Lakes - 0.009

13. Its possible for humans to drink the same water a dinosaur drank because when the dinosaur urinated its possible that the urine went into a lake or water way. From there the urine/water went through nature purification as it went through water falls and other obstacles. Then over all these years it was in our reach.

17. With each average person using 370 L a our population would reach an astonishing amount of water used daily. However a lot of the world does no have a steady access to water, therefore, the water usage is lower that a mathematical number that may be concluded, but the number is still very high.

Hello,
My name is Chase. I am excited for this new summer school class, and interested in learning Chemistry!